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Venom

Main article: Platypus venom

The calcaneus spur found on the male's hind limb is used to deliver venom.

 

While both male and female platypuses are born with ankle spurs, only the male has spurs which produce a cocktail of venom,[23][24][25] composed largely of defensin-like proteins (DLPs), three of which are unique to the platypus.[26] The defensin proteins are produced by the immune system of the platypus. Although powerful enough to kill smaller animals such as dogs, the venom is not lethal to humans, but is so excruciating that the victim may be incapacitated.[26][27] Oedema rapidly develops around the wound and gradually spreads throughout the affected limb. Information obtained from case histories and anecdotal evidence indicates that the pain develops into a long-lasting hyperalgesia (a heightened sensitivity to pain) that persists for days or even months.[28][29] Venom is produced in the crural glands of the male, which are kidney-shaped alveolar glands connected by a thin-walled duct to a calcaneus spur on each hind limb. The female platypus, in common with echidnas, has rudimentary spur buds which do not develop (dropping off before the end of their first year) and lack functional crural glands.[11]

 

The venom appears to have a different function from those produced by non-mammalian species: its effects are not life-threatening to humans but nevertheless powerful enough to seriously impair the victim. Since only males produce venom and production rises during the breeding season, it is theorised that it is used as an offensive weapon to assert dominance during this period.[26]

Electrolocation

Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)

 

Monotremes (for the other species, see Echidna) are the only mammals known to have a sense of electroreception: they locate their prey in part by detecting electric fields generated by muscular contractions. The platypus' electroreception is the most sensitive of any monotreme.[30][31]

 

The electroreceptors are located in rostro-caudal rows in the skin of the bill, while mechanoreceptors (which detect touch) are uniformly distributed across the bill. The electrosensory area of the cerebral cortex is contained within the tactile somatosensory area, and some cortical cells receive input from both electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors, suggesting a close association between the tactile and electric senses. Both electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the bill dominate the somatotopic map of the platypus brain, in the same way human hands dominate the Penfield homunculus map.[32][33]

 

The platypus can determine the direction of an electric source, perhaps by comparing differences in signal strength across the sheet of electroreceptors. This would explain the characteristic side-to-side motion of the animal's head while hunting. The cortical convergence of electrosensory and tactile inputs suggests a mechanism for determining the distance of prey items which, when they move, emit both electrical signals and mechanical pressure pulses: the difference between the times of arrival of the two signals would allow computation of distance.[31]

 

The platypus feeds by neither sight nor smell,[34] closing its eyes, ears, and nose each time it dives.[35] Rather, when it digs in the bottom of streams with its bill, its electroreceptors detect tiny electrical currents generated by muscular contractions of its prey, so enabling it to distinguish between animate and inanimate objects, which continuously stimulate its mechanoreceptors.[31] Experiments have shown that the platypus will even react to an "artificial shrimp" if a small electrical current is passed through it.

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Stalker Poster

Top 5000

Stalker (1979)

163 min - Adventure | Drama | Fantasy - 17 April 1980 (Netherlands)

8.1/10

Users: (24,377 votes) 205 reviews | Critics: 66 reviews

 

Near a gray and unnamed city is the Zone, an alien place guarded by barbed wire and soldiers. Over his wife's numerous objections... See full summary »

 

Director:

Andrey Tarkovskiy

Writers:

Arkadiy Strugatskiy (novel), Boris Strugatskiy (novel), and 3 more credits »

Stars:

Aleksandr Kaidanovsky, Alisa Frejndlikh and Anatoli Solonitsyn

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Stalker Stalker

14 photos | 1 video | 12 news articles | full cast and crew »

2 wins & 1 nomination See more awards »

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Cast

Credited cast:

Aleksandr Kaidanovsky Aleksandr Kaidanovsky ...

Stalker

Alisa Frejndlikh Alisa Frejndlikh ...

Stalker's Wife

Anatoli Solonitsyn Anatoli Solonitsyn ...

Writer

Nikolai Grinko Nikolai Grinko ...

Scientist

Natasha Abramova Natasha Abramova ...

Martha, Stalker's daughter

Faime Jurno Faime Jurno

Ye. Kostin Ye. Kostin

R. Rendi R. Rendi ...

The Motorbike Patrol Man

Rest of cast listed alphabetically:

Vladimir Zamansky Vladimir Zamansky ...

Professor's phone opponent (voice)

Full cast and crew »

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Storyline

 

Near a gray and unnamed city is the Zone, an alien place guarded by barbed wire and soldiers. Over his wife's numerous objections, a man rises in the dead of night: he's a stalker, one of a handful who have the mental gifts (and who risk imprisonment) to lead people into the Zone to the Room, a place where one's secret hopes come true. That night, he takes two people into the Zone: a popular writer who is burned out, cynical, and questioning his genius; and a quiet scientist more concerned about his knapsack than the journey. In the deserted Zone, the approach to the Room must be indirect. As they draw near, the rules seem to change and the stalker faces a crisis. Written by <jhailey@hotmail.com>

Plot Summary | Plot Synopsis

Plot Keywords:

Stalker | Hope | Scientist | Barbed Wire | Alien | See more »

Genres:

Adventure | Drama | Fantasy | Mystery | Sci-Fi

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Details

Country:

West Germany | Soviet Union

Language:

Russian

Release Date:

17 April 1980 (Netherlands) See more »

Also Known As:

Сталкер See more »

Filming Locations:

Dolgopa, Russia See more »

Box Office

Budget:

RUR 6,000,000 (estimated)

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Company Credits

Production Co:

Gambaroff-Chemier Interallianz, Mosfilm See more »

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Technical Specs

Runtime:

163 min | 155 min (2002 DVD)

Sound Mix:

Mono

Color:

Color (Sovcolor) | Black and White | Color (Eastmancolor)

Aspect Ratio:

1.37 : 1

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Did You Know?

Trivia

When the Stalker is referred to as 'Chingachgook' and 'Leatherstocking', these are references to characters in James Fenimore Cooper's "The Last of the Mohicans". See more »

Quotes

[first lines]

Stalker's Wife: [sub-titled from Russian] Why did you take my watch?

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Connections

Referenced in Die Tochter (2008) See more »

Soundtracks

"La Marseillaise"

Written by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle See more »

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The powerful resonances of Andrei Tarkovsky's Stalker

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User Reviews

 

Stalker is not boring

19 December 2004 | by peeter-piiri-001 (Estonia) – See all my reviews

 

It seems to me that I see Tarkovsky' movies differently from many other people. For me this film is not "too long" or boring. For me this is one of the best movies ever made.

 

Western culture has a very long tradition of film-making. Usually typical western movie is focused on "story". (Of course - not always) The sharpness and tension of the movie are achieved by the big number of cuts or by the fast varying of shots or by the sudden varying of plans or by some surprising angle of camera etc. Tarkovsky don't like cuts. The number of cuts is minimal. His camera is moving like in dream (Bergman envied Tarkovsky for that), it has no angles at all. Colours are pale, "dirty", very tender, soft, almost black-and-white.

 

In a typical western movie dialog is followed by the camera. Picture is illustrating text and is subordinated to it. In Stalker text and visual image are coexisting, cooperating with each-other. Both are moving on their own ways but at the same time, somehow - harmonically. Text and picture are not subordinated, they are both independent.

 

Why is Tarkovsky using such a weird language? Surely not only because he wants to opposite the dogmas of western cinema. He has a positive message too. Audience of his films has to understand his films not only at the level of thinking or emotions, but at the level of much deeper consciousness. Therefore watching his movies means rather meditation than watching-TV-and-eating-popcorn. The purpose of Tarkovsky's films is to loose the mind of audiences, to wake it up to much deeper attention. So that audiences can simply watch and see.

 

Stalker is not an entertainment and is not supposed to be. It means there is no sense at all to watch Stalker, when you need some amusing entertainment. Stalker is a serious movie. It is very narrow-minded to evaluate movies on the assumption of entertainment only. Of course, we live in the world of movie-consumers, produced by powerful film-companies, demanding more and more and more exciting entertainment. Consumer doesn't understand this movie. For him it is big bore.

67 of 92 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?

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