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AlbinoCobra

AlbinoCobra

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The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which an unskilled person makes poor decisions and reaches erroneous conclusions, but their incompetence denies them the metacognitive ability to realize their mistakes.[1] The unskilled therefore suffer from illusory superiority, rating their own ability as above average, much higher than it actually is, while the highly skilled underrate their abilities, suffering from illusory inferiority. This leads to the situation in which less competent people rate their own ability higher than more competent people. It also explains why actual competence may weaken self-confidence: because competent individuals falsely assume that others have an equivalent understanding. "Thus, the miscalibration of the incompetent stems from an error about the self, whereas the miscalibration of the highly competent stems from an error about others."[2]

 

The Dunning–Kruger effect was put forward by Justin Kruger and David Dunning. Similar notions have been expressed – albeit less scientifically – for some time. Dunning and Kruger themselves quote Charles Darwin ("Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge")[3] and Bertrand Russell ("One of the painful things about our time is that those who feel certainty are stupid, and those with any imagination and understanding are filled with doubt and indecision."[4][5]). W.B. Yeats put it concisely thus: "the best lack all conviction while the worst are filled with passionate intensity." The Dunning–Kruger effect is not, however, concerned narrowly with high-order cognitive skills (much less their application in the political realm during a particular era, which is what Russell was talking about.[6]) Nor is it specifically limited to the observation that ignorance of a topic is conducive to overconfident assertions about it, which is what Darwin was saying.[7] Indeed, Dunning et al. cite a study saying that 94% of college professors rank their work as "above average" (relative to their peers), to underscore that the highly intelligent and informed are hardly exempt.[4] Rather, the effect is about paradoxical defects in perception of skill, in oneself and others, regardless of the particular skill and its intellectual demands, whether it is chess, playing golf[8] or driving a car.[4]

 

The hypothesized phenomenon was tested in a series of experiments performed by Justin Kruger and David Dunning, then both of Cornell University.[2][9] Kruger and Dunning noted earlier studies suggesting that ignorance of standards of performance is behind a great deal of incompetence. This pattern was seen in studies of skills as diverse as reading comprehension, operating a motor vehicle, and playing chess or tennis.

 

Kruger and Dunning proposed that, for a given skill, incompetent people will:

 

1. tend to overestimate their own level of skill;

2. fail to recognize genuine skill in others;

3. fail to recognize the extremity of their inadequacy;

4. recognize and acknowledge their own previous lack of skill, if they can be trained to substantially improve.

 

Dunning has since drawn an analogy ("the anosognosia of everyday life")[1][10] to a condition in which a person who suffers a physical disability because of brain injury seems unaware of or denies the existence of the disability, even for dramatic impairments such as blindness or paralysis.

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boratderkaghad

boratderkaghad

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thats a nice little thing raven put up there i wonder if those guys have anything on how to be friend and what loyalty means and if there's anything on turning your back on those in need and or shaking someone's hand and then talking shit about that guy and you can still be a dope writer but still be a two faced peice of shit so what good are skills if your a ust a rascist dick in life then all that psycho babble is ust some words that sound cool nothing more nothing less

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marlon

marlon

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step your game up kiddies! I looked at his flicker and was amazed with his potential!

all his work is copywritten like any professional would do,SO I COULDNT COPY AND PASTE his work.. but i flicked them with my phone to just show

you fellas what hes working with!!! this is the real deal holyfield! new york potential all the way through.

I dont even know why hes wasting his time with you milwaukee cats?! he should be painting in paris,london,france,queens,brooklyn, etc..i know his time is valuable and that i would probably have to pay him to teach me some skills but...I think every brown cent is worth it. get at me OAKS! take me under your wing!! I WILL PAY YOU!!!

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