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Artificial limbs could be operated by the power of the mind

http://news.independent.co.uk/world/scienc...sp?story=508507

By Steve Connor, Science Editor

 

05 April 2004

 

 

It sounds like science fiction but the prospect of controlling robot machines by thought alone has moved a step closer with a groundbreaking experiment on human volunteers.

 

Scientists have already proved that monkeys can move a cursor on a computer screen by thought waves and now there is evidence that similar techniques could work on man.

 

Researchers wired up the brains of patients having surgery to investigate the use of electrical signals generated when they thought about moving a limb to control a robot arm or computer. They believe the experiment shows it is possible to develop microchip implants for the brain that would allow people to control robotic machines using mind power.

 

Accident victims suffering total paralysis might be able to control wheelchairs and prosthetic limbs by thinking about hand or arm movements. Also a step nearer reality is the science-fiction concept of the man-machine "cyborg" as depicted in Hollywood films such as the Terminator series.

 

Miguel Nicolelis from Duke University in North Carolina, who led the research, said the aim of the latest research was purely medical, such as helping victims of paralysis who cannot move their arms or legs normally.

 

"I can foresee applications such as controlling wheelchairs, computers and devices required for life support and the daily routine of life," Dr Nicolelis said. "Beyond that, it is difficult to debate."

 

The study tested 11 patients suffering from Parkinson's disease who were asked to play a computer video game lasting five minutes as they had a brain operation as part of routine treatment for their condition.

 

Microelectrodes were implanted into the brain of each patient to stimulate regions of the brain known to be involved in alleviating the symptoms of the disease. But the electrodes also recorded electrical signals coming from the brain.

 

As each patient used joysticks to control characters onscreen during the game, the scientists recorded the array of electrical signals emanating from different parts of their brain and successfully matched them to their hand movements.

 

The results demonstrated that it was possible to predict the particular pattern of brain signals that correspond to certain movements of a limb. The finding opens the way for these brain signals to be harnessed for controlling machines by thought alone.

 

Dr Nicolelis said.: "We only had five minutes of data on each patient, during which it took a minute or two to train them to the task. This suggests that as clinical testing progresses, and we use electrode arrays that are implanted for a long period of time, we could achieve a workable control system for external devices."

 

Last year the research team demonstrated that laboratory monkeys could be trained to move a robot arm by thought alone. Electrical signals from arrays of micro-electrodes inserted into the outer cortex of the monkey's brain directly controlled a robot arm in a nearby room.

 

This time the electrodes were placed deeper in the human brain, which could be more useful in controlling a robot limb.

 

The results will be published in the journal Neurosurgery later this year.

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Originally posted by iquit

by focusing my brainpower on the visualization of breasts and vaginas i can make my winky quadruple in size.

 

One of the funniest members on 12oz, no doubt.

 

This article definitely reminds me of Macross Plus.

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I suppose issues with the hardware are what held it back, but whenever I hear about this technology, I am always surprised at how far behind it is. With as much money as there is to be made in the application of this sort of thing, you'd think people would have been jumping all over it a lot sooner than they have.

 

Not too long ago I was watching a show concerning some guy who is developing this technology. He was driving little cars around using nothing but some circuits that were wired into his forearm. He had a transmitter set in there, which made the building respond to just his presence. While I'm not sure if it was automatic or if he was specifically doing each task, but lights were going on and off, doors opening as he walked towards them, and his computer would start downloading email when he showed up in the morning. Guy was also setting it up with his wife so they could communicate via a modem. She was getting the circuits implanted, and they would both hook into a network and send each other emotions.

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From rense.com

 

Actual 1974 Congressional Testimony of Dr. Jose Delgado -

 

"We need a program of PSYCHOSURGERY for POLITICAL CONTROL of our society. The purpose is PHISICAL CONTROL OF THE MIND. Everyone who deviates from the given norm can be SURGICALLY MUTILATED.

 

"The individual may think that the most important reality is his own existence, but this is only his personal point of view. This lacks historical perspective.

 

"Man does NOT HAVE THE RIGHT to develop his own mind. This kind of liberal orientation has great appeal. We must ELECTRICALLY CONTROL THE BRAIN. Some day armies and generals will be controlled by electric stimulation of the brain."

 

Dr. Jose M.R. Delgado Director of Neuropsychiatry Yale University Medical School Congressional Record, No. 26, Vol. 118 February 24, 1974

 

(Author of "PHYSICAL CONTROL OF THE MIND" 1969)

 

 

The following article was originally published in the 36th-year edition of the Finnish-language journal, SPEKULA (3rd Quarter, 1999). SPEKULA is a publication of Northern Finland medical students and doctors of Oulu University OLK (OULUN LAAKETIETEELLINEN KILTA).

 

 

MICROCHIP IMPLANTS, MINDCONTROL AND CYBERNETICS

 

By Rauni-Leena Luukanen-Kilde, MD Former Chief Medical Officer of Finland

 

In 1948 Norbert Weiner published a book, CYBERNETICS, defined as a neurological communication and control theory already in use in small circles at that time. Yoneji Masuda, "Father of Information Society," stated his concern in 1980 that our liberty is threatened Orwellian-style by cybernetic technology totally unknown to most people. This technology links the brains of people via implanted microchips to satellites controlled by ground-based super-computers.

 

The first brain implants were surgically inserted in 1874 in the state of Ohio, U.S.A., and also in Stockholm, Sweden. Brain electrodes were inserted into the skulls of babies in 1946 without the knowledge of their parents. In the 50's and 60's, electrical implants were inserted into the brains of animals and humans, especially in the U.S., during research into behavior modification, and brain and body functioning. Mind control (MC) methods were used in attempt to change human behavior and attitudes. Influencing brain functions became an important goal of military and intelligence services.

 

Thirty years ago brain implants showed up in xrays the size of one centimeter. Subsequent implants shrunk to the size of a grain of rice. They were made of silicon, later still of gallium arsenide. Today they are small enough to be inserted into the neck or back, and also intraven-ously in different parts of the body during surgical operations, with or without the consent of the subject. It is now almost impossible to detect or remove them.

 

It is technically possible for every newborn to be injected with a micro-chip, which could then function to identify the person for the rest of his or her life. Such plans are secretly being discussed in the U.S. without any public airing of the privacy issues involved. In Sweden, Prime Minister Olof Palme gave permission in 1973 to implant prisoners, and Data Inspection's ex-Director General Jan Freese revealed that nursing-home patients were implanted in the mid- 1980's. The technology is revealed in the 1972:47 Swedish state report, STATENS OFFICIELLA UTRADNINGER (SOU).

 

Implanted human beings can be followed anywhere. Their brain functions can then be remotely monitored by supercomputers and even altered through the changing of frequencies. Guinea-pigs in secret experiments have in-cluded prisoners, soldiers, mental patients, handicapped children, deaf and blind people, homosexuals, single women, the elderly, school children and any group of people considered "marginal" by the elite experimenters. The published experiences of prisoners in Utah State Prison, for example, are shocking to the conscience.

 

Today's microchips operate by means of low-frequency radio waves that target them. With the help of satellites, the implanted person can be tracked anywhere on the globe. Such a technique was among a number tested in the Iraq war, according to Dr. Carl Sanders, who invented the intell-igence-manned interface (IMI) biotic, which is injected into people. (Earlier during the Vietnam War, soldiers were injected with the Rambo chip, designed to increase adrenaline flow into the bloodstream.) The U.S. National Security Agency's (NSA) 20 billion bits/second supercomputers could now "see and hear" what soldiers experience in the battlefield with a remote monitoring system (RMS).

 

When a 5-micromillimeter microchip (the diameter of a strand of hair is 50 micromillometers) is placed into optical nerve of the eye, it draws neuroimpulses from the brain that embody the experiences, smells, sights and voice of the implanted person. Once transferred and stored in a computer, these neuroimpulses can be projected back to the person's brain via the microchip to be re-experienced. Using a RMS, a land-based computer operator can send electromagnetic messages (encoded as signals) to the nervous system, affecting the target's performance. With RMS, healthy persons can be induced to see hallucinations and to hear voices in their heads.

 

Every thought, reaction, hearing and visual observation causes a certain neurological potential, spikes, and patterns in the brain and its elect- romagnetic fields, which can now be decoded into thoughts, pictures and voices. Electromagnetic stimulation can therefore change a person's brainwaves and affect muscular activity, causing painful muscular cramps experienced as torture.

 

The NSA's electronic surveillance system can simultaneously follow and handle millions of people. Each of us has a unique bioelectrical reson- ance frequency in the brain, just like we have unique fingerprints. With electro-magnetic frequency (EMF) brain stimulation fully coded, pulsating electromagnetic signals can be sent to the brain, causing the desired voice and visual effects to be experienced by the target. This is a form of electronic warfare. U.S. astronauts were implanted before they were sent into space so their thoughts could be followed and all their emotions could be registered 24 hours a day.

 

The Washington Post reported in in May 1995 that Prince William of Great Britain was implanted at the age of 12. Thus, if he were ever kidnapped, a radiowave with a specific frequency could be targeted to his microchip. The chips signal would be routed through a satellite to the computer screen of police headquarters, where the Princes movements could be followed. He could actually be located anywhere on the globe.

 

The mass media have not reported that an implanted person's privacy van- ishes for the rest of his or her life. S/he can be manipulated in many ways. Using different frequencies, the secret controller of this equip- ment can even change a person's emotional life. S/he can be made aggress- ive or lethargic. Sexuality can be artificially influenced. Thought sig-nals and subconscious thinking can be read, dreams affected and even induced, all without the knowledge or consent of the implanted person.

 

A perfect cyber-soldier can thus be created. This secret technology has been used by military forces in certain NATO countries since the 1980's without civilian and academic populations having heard anything about it. Thus, little information about such invasive mind-control systems is available in professional and academic journals.

 

The NSA's Signals Intelligence can remotely monitor information from human brains by decoding the evoked potentials (3.50HZ, 5 milliwatt) emitted by the brain. Prisoner experimentees in both Gothenburg, Sweden and Vienna, Austria have been found to have [missing word] brain lesions. Diminished blood circulation and lack of oxygen in the right temporal frontal lobes result where brain implants are usually operative. A Finnish experimentee experienced brain atrophy and intermittent attacks of unconsciousness due to lack of oxygen.

 

Mind control techniques can be used for political purposes. The goal of mind controllers today is to induce the targeted persons or groups to act against his or her own convictions and best interests. Zombified individ-uals can even be programmed to murder and remember nothing of their crime afterward. Alarming examples of this phenomenon can be found in the U.S.

 

This silent war is being conducted against unknowing civilians and sold-iers by military and intelligence agencies. Since 1980 electronic stim- ulation of the brain (ESB) has been secretly used to control people tar-geted without their knowledge or consent. All international human rights agreements forbid nonconsensual manipulation of human beings even in pri-sons, not to speak of civilian populations. Under an initiative of U.S. Senator John Glenn, discussions commenced in January 1997 about the dan-gers of radiating civilian populations. Targeting peoples brain functions with electromagnetic fields and beams (from helicopters and airplanes, satellites, from parked white vans, neighboring houses, telephone poles, electrical appliances, mobil phones, TV, radio, etc.), is part of the radiation problem that should be addressed in democratically elected government bodies.

 

In addition to electronic MC, chemical methods have also been developed. Mind-altering drugs and different smelling gasses affecting brain function negatively can be injected into air ducts or water pipes. Also, bacteria and viruses have been tested this way in several countries.

 

Today's supertechnology, connecting our brain functions via microchips (or even without them, according to the latest technology) to computers via satellites in the U.S. or Israel, poses the gravest threat to human-ity. The latest supercomputers are powerful enough to monitor the whole worlds population. What will happen when people are tempted by false premises to allow microchips into their bodies? One lure will be a micro-chip identity card. Compulsory legislation has even been secretly pro-posed in the U.S. to criminalize removal of an ID implant.

 

Are we ready for the robotization of mankind and the total elimination of privacy, including freedom of thought? How many of us would want to cede our entire life, including our most secret thoughts, to Big Brother? Yet the technology exists to create a totalitarian "New World Order." Covert neurological communication systems are in place to counteract independent thinking and to control social and political activity on behalf of self-serving private and military interests.

 

When our brain functions are already is connected to supercomputers by means of radio implants and microchips, it will be too late for protest. This threat can be defeated only by educating the public, using available literature on biotelemetry and information exchanged at international congresses.

 

One reason this technology has remained a state secret is the widespread prestige of the psychiatric DIAGNOSTIC STATISTICAL MANUAL IV produced by the U.S. American Psychiatric Association (APA), and printed in 18 lan-guages. Psychiatrists working for U.S. intelligence agencies no doubt participated in writing and revising this manual. This psychiatric "bible" covers up the secret development of MC technologies by labelling some of their effects as symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia.

 

Victims of mind control experimentation are thus routinely diagnosed, knee-jerk fashion, as mentally ill by doctors who learned the DSM symptom list in medical school. Physicians have not been schooled that patients may be telling the truth when they report being targeted against their will or being used as guinea pigs for electronic, chemical and bacteriological forms of psychological warfare.

 

Time is running out for changing the direction of military medicine, and ensuring the future of human freedom. -- Rauni Kilde, MD December 6, 2000 ___

 

 

MICROWAVE MIND CONTROL: MODERN TORTURE AND CONTROL MECHANISMS ELIMINATING HUMAN RIGHTS AND PRIVACY

 

By Dr. Rauni Leena Kilde, MD

September 25, 1999

 

Helsingin Sanomat, the largest newspaper in Scandinavia, wrote in the September 9, 1999 issue that Scientific American magazine estimates that after the Millenium perhaps ALL people will be implanted with a "DNA microchip".

 

How many people realize what it actually means? Total loss of privacy and total outside control of the person's physical body functions, men-tal, emotional and thought processes, including the implanted person's subconscious and dreams! For the rest of his life!

 

It sounds like science fiction but it is secret military and intelligence agencies' mind control technology, which has been experimented with for almost half a century. Totally without the knowledge of the general public and even the general academic population.

 

Supercomputers in Maryland, Israel and elsewhere with a speed of over 20 BILLION bits/sec can monitor millions of people simultaneously. In fact, the whole world population can be totally controlled by these secret brain-computer interactions, however unbelievable it sounds for the uninformed.

 

Human thought has a speed of 5,000 bits/sec and everyone understands that our brain cannot compete with supercomputers acting via satellites, implants, local facilities, scalar or other forms of biotelemetry.

 

Each brain has a unique set of bioelectric resonance/entrainment characteristics. Remote neural monitoring systems with supercomputers can send messages through an implanted person's nervous system and affect their performance in any way desired. They can of course be tracked and identified anywhere.

 

Neuro-electromagnetic involuntary human experimentation has been going on with the so-called "vulnerable population" for about 50 years, in the name of "science" or "national security" in the worst Nazi-type testing, contrary to all human rights. Physical and psychological torture of mind control victims today is like the worst horror movies. Only, unlike the horror movies, it is true.

 

It happens today in the USA, Japan, and Europe. With few exceptions, the mass media suppresses all information about the entire topic.

 

Mind control technology in the USA is classified under "non-lethal" weaponry. The name is totally misleading because the technology used IS lethal, but death comes slowly in the form of "normal" illnesses, like cancer, leukemia, heart attacks, Alzheimer's disease with loss of short term memory first. No wonder these illnesses have increased all over the world.

 

When the use of electromagnetic fields, extra-low (ELF) and ultra-low (ULF) frequencies and microwaves aimed deliberately at certain individ-uals, groups, and even the general population to cause diseases, disori-entation, chaos and physical and emotional pain breaks into the awareness of the general population, a public outcry is inevitable.

 

[Eleanor White comment: ELF/ULF frequencies on their own cannot be focussed and are practically impossible to transmit in the usual manner of radio transmissions. ELF/ULF cannot carry voice.

 

ELF/ULF CAN be carried on radio and ultrasound carrier signals, however, and are effective in things like setting up a target to be more receptive to hypnosis, force a target to be unable to sleep, and force a target to fall asleep daytime. This is like the reverse process of reading the brain's natural ELF/ULF electrical activity using biofeedback.]

 

Who is behind a sinister plan to microchip and control and torture the general population?

 

[Eleanor White's comment: Reports from persons targetted by neuro- electromagnetic experimentation show that not everyone is implanted. The fact that those few victims who have had implants removed cannot get custody of the implants means someone has a keen interest in controlling the use of covert implants and preventing the publication of this practice.]

 

The Patent Office of the U.S.A. has granted patents for purposes of mental monitoring and mind alteration.

 

Apparatus and method for remotely monitoring and altering brainwaves, methods for inducing mental, emotional and physical states of conscious- ness, in human beings. Method of and apparatus for desired states of consciousness are among some of them.

 

People who have been implanted, involuntarily or through deception vol- untarily have become bilogical robots and guinea pigs for this activity under the guise of national security.

 

The real consequences of microchip implantation (or with today's advanced hidden technology, using only microwave radiation for mind control,) are totally hidden from the public. How many know the real dangers of mic- rowaves through mobile phones?

 

How many believe the disinformation that microwave radiation is not causing health problems? The economic issues in the mobile phone industry are enormous. Therefore health issues are deliberately brushed aside.

 

However, the same thing is inevitable in the future as with the tobacco industry. When economic compensation for health damages becomes big enough, as in the tobacco industry, health hazards will be admitted and users are then responsible for their tobacco-related illnesses.

 

Today, already about 50% of Finns, Swedes and Norwegians use mobile phones, especially the young population.

 

Mobile phones used in mind control was a brilliant idea. Military and police agencies can follow every user, influence their thoughts through microwaves, cause healthy people to hear voices in their heads and if needed burn their brains in a second by increasing the current 20,000 times.

 

That probably happened to Chechnyan leader General Dudayev who died talking to a mobile phone.

 

Heating effect of tissues with the speed of light is a known effect of high power microwave and electromagnetic pulse weapons.

 

According to Navy studies they also cause fatigue states, depression, insomnia, aggressiveness, long and especially short term memory loss, short catatonic states, cataracts, leukemia, cancer, heart attacks, brain tumors and so forth.

 

Alteration of behavior and attitudes hs been demonstrated as well.

 

Dr. Ross Adey has found out that by using 0.75 milliwatts per square centimeter intensity of pulse modulated microwave at a frequency of 450 MHz it is possible to control ALL aspects of human behaviour!

 

Microwave radiation excites the hydrogen bond in the cells and can interfere with meiosis, which leads to tumors.

 

All our emotions, moods, and thoughts have a specific brain frequency which has been catalogued. If these records fall into the wrong hands, our behaviour and attitudes can be manipulated by persons whose ethics and morals are not in our best interest.

 

Both military and intelligence agencies have been infiltrated with such persons. The Director of the Swiss Secret Service had to resign in September 1999 because of his agency's involvement in illegal arms deals and a plan to create an ORGANIZATION within the legal Secret Service.

 

This globally infiltrated organization has "octopus type" activities in all major intelligence services in the world, working together with the Mafia and terrorists. It has recruited people from all important government institutions, state and local administrations.

 

It owns Star Wars technology which is used against military and civilian populations, claiming it is "non-lethal" weaponry.

 

"Down and out" people, jobless, freed prisoners, mental outpatients, students and orphans are trained by this organization to harass, follow, and torture innocent people, who for whatever reason have been put on the organization's hit list. They are ALREADY in every apartment block!

 

[Eleanor White comment: This gang-like colour-coding is not reported in all areas. Dr. Kilde's experience is with northern Europe.]

 

Deception is the name of the game, so recruits are told untrue sinister stories of their victims to keep them motivated. They have a military order and get rewarded for their evil actions, which include Satanism, and symbols and yellow-orange-black colors. However, fresh recruits must wear pink - and the highest elite wears yellow ties with dark suits.

 

Even dashes of yellow or orange in their ties may signal their recruitment as well as yellow shirts or other objects with that color for signalling.

 

Too many world leaders fit into this signalling. However, it is quite possible they are only used as fronts for this global organization without any knowledge of it's criminal activity in the field against innocent people. Mass media and big industry are also infiltrated.

 

Who are the targets? Experimentation with soldiers and prisoners may continue, as well as handicapped children, mental patients, homosexuals and single women. They are still experimental guinea pigs for electronic and chemical warfare. But today ANYONE can become a target, even those who invented the system.

 

Researchers who find out about this secret radiation of the population become targets themselves.

 

The U.S. Senate discussed the issue on January 22, 1997. The U.S. Air Force's "Commando Solo" aircraft have been used to send subliminal radio frequency messages to manipulate even the minds of foreign nations in their elections. Haiti and Bosnia are a couple of recent examples.

 

In July 1994 the U.S. Department of Defense proposed the use of "non-lethal" weapons against anyone engaged in activities the DoD opposes. Thus opposing political views, economic competitors, counterculture individuals and so forth can be beamed to sickness or death.

 

The Psychiatric Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) for mental disorders has been a brilliant cover up operation in 18 languages to hide the atrocities of military and intelligence agencies' actions towards their targets. THE MANUAL LISTS ALL MIND CONTROL ACTIONS AS SIGNS OF PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA.

 

If a target is under surveillance with modern technology via TV, radio, telephone, loudspeakers, lasers, microwaves, poisoned with mind altering drugs via airducts, giving familiar smells which cause headache, nausea and so forth, if he claims his clothes are poisoned, his food or tap water as well --- all medical schools teach their students that the person is paranoid, ESPECIALLY if he believes intelligence agencies are behind it all.

 

Never is the medical profession told that these are routine actions all over the world by intelligence agencies against their targets. Thus, victims of mind control are falsely considered mentally ill and get no help since they are not believed and their suffering is doubled by ignorant health professionals.

 

The unethical abuses of power by individuals in charge of biomedical telemetry are incomprehensible to normal people.

 

The goal of mind control is to program an individual to carry out any mission of espionage or assassination even against their will and self- preservation instict and to control the absolute behavior and thought patterns of the individual. The purpose of mind control is to disrupt memory, discredit people through aberrant behavior, to make them insane or to commit suicide or murder.

 

How is it possible that this technology is not stopped by political top authorities? They themselves will also be targets someday, a fact they have not always realized. How much are they involved?

 

This year the 1999 European Parliament in "Resolution on Environment, Security, and Forein Policy", in paragraphs 23, 24, and 27 calls for "non-lethal" weapons technology and development of new arms strategies to be covered and regulated by international conventions.

 

Also, it calls for an international convention introducing a GLOBAL BAN on all developments and deployments of weapons which might enable ANY FORM OF MANIPULATION OF HUMAN BEINGS.

 

Project HAARP in Alaska is a global concern, and calls for it's legal, ecological, and ethical implications to be examined by an international independent body before any further research and testing.

 

It is possible that the USA will ignore those resolutions. The dangers of non-lethal mind control weapons were already revealed in an expert meeting of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva, in July 1994.

 

Only increased public awareness of the microchip implants, their frightful consequences to privacy by influencing of individuals' thoughts and actions, causing people to become biological robots with physical and emotional pain whenever the supercomputer technician so wishes, is enough reason to refuse to take the chip into your body for whatever reason.

 

It is the biggest threat to humanity and the most sinister plan to enslave the human race forever.

 

If you have a choice and want to remain a normal human being with privacy, do not have your children nor yourself implanted with a DNA microchip. Otherwise your vision, hearing, sensing, thoughts, dreams and subconscious will be influenced by an outsider, who does not have your best interests in mind.

 

MICROWAVE MIND CONTROL WITH "NON-LETHAL" WEAPONS IS THE BIGGEST CRIME IN THE HISTORY OF MANKIND AGAINST THE POPULATION OF PLANET EARTH. IT MUST BE STOPPED BY ALL PEOPLES OF THIS GLOBE.

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Guest WebsterUno

*believe*

 

the news had a segment

on this a while back. I had

mentioned it here before.

they are saying its for

monitoring health...haha...bullshit!

they also said, the technology

is being considered more

because of child abduciton.

more reason for parents to

give into such a crazy idea.

 

the future's so bright..i gotta wear shades :cool:

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i'm rereading this book by vonnegut called the sirens of saturn. in it, a bunch of renegade humans are trying to plan an invasion of earth from mars, and the whole army is all brainwashed and has neurological implants that certain guys control. it's pretty messed up. the fact that people are actually trying to develop it is even more frightening.

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Guest WebsterUno

*believe*

 

thats what im sayin.

when i heard about

it on the news, i thought

people at work might talk

about it. i never heard

anyone say anything about it.

this was a while back too.

may a year or less.

im talking about the chip thing.

they could use it like a grocery

scanner. just scan you and

the chip would give out info

about what medicine you cant

have or who you are, in case

youre not coherent. i say

its a way to ease it in. i know

im not getting a chip planted in myself.

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Guest imported_El Mamerro

I think I posted this before, but just cause it relates here's an excerpt of it again:

 

From "The Next Brainiacs", Wired Magazine, Aug. 2001

 

 

 

When you meet Johnny Ray, it's a challenge to see the former drywall contractor and amateur musician trapped inside his body, but he's there. Ray, a 63-year-old from Carrollton, Georgia, suffered a brain-stem stroke in 1997, which produced what doctors call "locked-in syndrome": He has virtually no moving parts. Cognitively he's intact, but he can't make a motion to deliver that message or any other to the world.

 

Getting a puppet with no moving parts to work sounds like a task worthy of the Buddha, but a pioneering group of neuroscientists affiliated with Emory University in Atlanta has taken a credible stab at it. In a series of animal and human experiments dating back to 1990, Philip Kennedy, Roy Bakay, and a team of researchers have created a basic but completely functional alternative interface using electrodes surgically implanted in the brain. In 1996, their success with primates convinced the FDA to allow two human tests. The first subject, whose name was withheld to protect her privacy, was a woman in the terminal stages of ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease); she died two months after the procedure. The second was Johnny Ray.

 

Kennedy, who invented the subcranial cortical implant used in these operations, wanted to create a device that could acquire a signal from inside the brain - a signal robust enough to travel through wires and manipulate objects in the physical world. Making this happen involved creating new access points for the brain, in addition to the natural ones (defunct in Ray's case) that produce muscle motion. Bakay has since moved to Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center in Chicago, where he's part of an institute devoted entirely to alternative brain-body interfaces. The soft-spoken doctor wouldn't describe anything he does as show business, but to me the results of his work sound like a real-world version of the nifty plug Neo/Keanu sported in The Matrix.

 

"We simply make a hole in the skull right above the ear, near the back end of the motor cortex, secure our electrodes and other hardware to the bone so they don't migrate, and wait for a signal," Bakay says. The implant is an intriguing hybrid of electronics and biology - it physically melds with brain tissue.

 

"We use a small piece of glass shaped like two narrow cones into which a gold electrical contact has been glued," Bakay says. "The space in the cones is filled with a special tissue culture, and the whole thing is placed inside the motor cortex." The tissue culture is designed to "attract" brain cells to grow toward the contact. When brain cells meet gold, the electrical activity of individual cells is detectable across the electrode. Gold wires carry signals back out of the skull, where they are amplified. This produces a far more sensitive and usable signal than you get from surface technology like the taped-on electrodes used in EEGs.

 

To get a broad sense of what the patient's brain is doing, neurologists perform magnetic resonance imaging and compare changes in the motor cortex with voltages monitored through the electrodes. Then the doctors get really clever. The patient is encouraged to think simple thoughts that correspond to distinct conditions and movements, like hot/cold or up/down. Gradually, the doctors extract and codify electrical patterns that change as a patient's thoughts change. If a patient can reproduce and trigger the signal using the same thought patterns, that signal can be identified and used to control, say, a cursor on a computer screen. The technique is very crude, but what Bakay and his colleagues have demonstrated is a truly alternative brain-body interface platform.

 

Ray's implant was installed in 1998, and he survived to start working with the signals, which were amplified and converted to USB input for a Dell Pentium box. In the tests that followed, Ray was asked to think about specific physical motions - moving his arms, for example. Kennedy and Bakay took the corresponding signal and programmed it to move the cursor. By reproducing the same brain pattern, Ray eventually was able to move the cursor at will to choose screen icons, spell, even generate musical tones.

 

That this was in fact an alternative platform, a true brain-machine interface, was demonstrated after months of tests, when Ray reported that the thoughts he used to trigger the electrode - imagined arm motions - were changing. He was now activating the electrode by thinking about facial movements, and as he manipulated the cursor, doctors could see his cheeks move and his eyes flutter. Kennedy and Bakay had predicted that Ray's focused mental activity might result in neurological changes, but to see actual facial movements was a surprise. It didn't mean that his paralysis was receding, rather that his brain had tapped into capabilities rendered dormant by the stroke. The results showed that Ray's thoughts about motion were triggering clusters of motor neurons.

 

How? Kennedy and Bakay presumed the implant had put various motion centers in Ray's brain back into play. Disconnected from the body/hardware they once controlled, these neurons now had a crude way to interact. Adapting to the new platform, Ray's brain was demonstrating a flexibility standard worthy of Java or Linux.

 

As the brain cells in and around Ray's implant did what he asked them to do, the imagined sensation of moving his body parts gradually disappeared altogether. One day when his skill at moving the cursor seemed particularly adept, the doctors asked Ray what he was feeling. Slowly, he typed "nothing."

 

Ray was interacting directly with the cursor in a way similar to how he might once have interacted with his hand. "People don't think, 'move hand' to move their hands unless they are small children just learning," Bakay explains. "Eventually the brain just eliminates these intermediate steps until the hand feels like a part of the brain." The description reminds me of how I've heard Isaac Stern describe his violin as an extension of his body. I think of my wheelchair the same way.

 

The implant put Ray's motion centers back into play. Adapting to the new platform, his neurons demonstrated a flexibility standard worthy of Java or Linux.

 

The fact that Ray's cursor is indistinguishable from almost any other prosthesis raises an important philosophical question: Because of the implant, is a Dell Pentium cursor now more a part of Johnny Ray than one of his own paralyzed arms?

 

The National Institutes of Health is interested enough in this technology to have provided $1.1 million in seed funding for an additional eight human tests that will continue over the coming year. Bakay hopes the next patients won't be as profoundly disabled as the first two. "The more kinds of applications we find for this," Bakay says, "the more we learn about it."

 

 

Read the whole thing. Has more on artificial limbs and the such.

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Your new lesson is to realize the mission when you hear it

MCin, see I got this in my spirit

I got verses like Mahalia singin church hymns

So strap up because you skatin on ice that's wild thin

A weak foundation doesn't make a good home

That's why mine is built on chrome microphones

We bout to do it theoretically, insteadibly, to the medley

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That'll keep you broke down like a horse 5 speed

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In this land of dead and crummy, ain't a damn thing funny

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Busta Rhymes, De La, the J Beez, so don't sleep

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That keeps everything on even keels

So all you slow brothas talkin yang, ya poo tang

Now, we gonna show you how the real crew bang

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I've still got this book called "World without Secrets" by Richard Hunter that I've yet to read. All about the surveillance society stuff.

 

I had no idea they were using microwaves to control people. Maybe electrodes in the motor cortex but microwaves!?! I know they were working on an application for a nonlethal weapon for crowd control to give people the sensation of skin burning, but I really didn't think it was that advanced.

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As far as the civilians go... I was only aware that they had been able to map and tap motor and sensory clusters. As for higher thought like memories and whatnot I was under the impression that it was very difficult to interpret.

I wonder what !@#$% has to say about this?

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